The Law and the Press

This chapter offers a broad survey of the relationships between the law and the press (primarily the newspaper press) during the nineteenth century. It traces the transition from early decades of vigorous state hostility of the first third of the century, through the gradual relaxation of fiscal and regulatory controls from the 1830s to the 1860s, to the brief period of completely unregulated press production in the 1870s. It examines the main legal engagements of the press in this period: the various forms of libel, political (seditious, blasphemous and obscene), civil and criminal, as well as copyright and contempt of court. In doing so it explores the limits of the ‘free press’ of British constitutional myth, and the complex and mutually constitutive relationship between the press and the law as interests

Revised protocols for baseline port surveys for introduced marine species - Survey design, sampling protocols and specimen handling

A prerequisite for any attempt to control the introduction and spread by shipping of non-indigenous marine pest species in Australian waters is knowledge of the current distribution and abundance of introduced species in Australian ports. This information base is lacking for a majority of Australian ports. The Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory Council (ABWMAC), the Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management (SCARM), and the Australia and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) State of the Environment (SoE) Reporting Task Force, have all recognised the need for baseline studies to determine the extent to which introduced species have established in Australian waters. In response to these needs, the CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Species (CRIMP) and various state agencies have commenced a national port survey program designed to define the occurrence of non-indigenous species in Australian ports. Given the number of agencies and research organisations that will potentially participate in a national port survey program, a high priority was given to developing a standardised set of survey methods that would provide a consistent basis on which to assess the introduced species status of individual ports. Surveys designed to identify all non-indigenous species in a port will inevitably be subject to scientific, logistic and cost constraints that will limit both their taxonomic and spatial scope. Recognition of these constraints led CRIMP to adopt a targeted approach that concentrates on a known group of species and provides a cost-effective collection of baseline data for all ports. While these surveys specifically target designated pest species, they are also designed to determine the distribution and abundance of other introduced species in a port. The surveys will also identify species of uncertain status (cryptogenic, that is not known if they are endemic or introduced) that are abundant in a port and/or are likely to become major pest species. This report reviews the general protocols developed by CRIMP for introduced species port surveys in 1996, and updates and provides evidence to support the recommended methodologies. The survey design and sampling protocols are outlined to encourage the adoption of a broad and consistent approach to the problem. Triggers for post survey monitoring regimes and factors influencing the frequency of resurveying are also discussed

Using Branch-and-Price to Find High Quality Solutions Quickly

We develop an exact solution approach for integer programs that produces high- quality solutions quickly by solving well-chosen restrictions of the problem. Column generation is used both for generating these problem restrictions and for producing bounds on the value of an optimal solution to the problem. Obtaining primal solutions by solving problem restrictions also provides an easy way to search for improved solutions in the neighborhood of the current best solution. The overall approach is parallelized and computational experiments demonstrate its efficacy. An application to inventory routing is presented

2008 Survey of Technology Enhanced Learning for higher education in the UK

UCISA, JIS

The nineteenth-century visiting mode and Elizabeth Gaskell’s fiction

The domestic visit was a component of the short stories of nineteenth-­century women’s magazines, of religious and philanthropic periodicals, and in novels, from Austen’s Emma to Eliot’s Middlemarch. 1 These accounts, whether they offered the powerfully negative tone of Mrs Pardiggle’s insensitive and blinkered encounters with a London bricklayer of Dickens’ Bleak House (itself counterposed by the combination of empathy and system embodied in Esther Summerson) 2 or the transformative death-bed experience of Mary Brotherton in Frances Trollope’s Michael Armstrong, the Factory Boy (1839–40), were repeatedly represented as knowledge transactions and potential moments of learning, and rehearsed the conventional components of the visiting mode narrative. Hence, the worldly Manchester novelist Geraldine Jewsbury was not just driven to visiting, but also to framing her mid-century novel Marian Withers with an opening scene involving a servant despatched to a ‘back-garden street’ to deliver clothes to two impoverished children, complete with a guide (the ‘pawnbroker’s man), threats from the ‘hulking men’ in the doorways, a dark and enclosed cellar dwelling, leading to the heroine’s vicarious learning of the ‘invisible world’ of the city’s outcast children

Template for using biological trait groupings when exploring large-scale variation in seafloor multifunctionality

Understanding large-scale spatial variation in ecosystem properties and associated functionality is key for successful conservation of ecosystems. This study provides a template for how to estimate differences in ecosystem functionality over large spatial scales by using groupings of biological traits. We focus on trait groupings that describe three important benthic ecosystem properties, namely bioturbation, community stability, and juvenile dispersal. Recognizing that groups of traits interact and are constrained within an organism, we statistically define important functional trait subgroups that describe each ecosystem property. The sub-groups are scored according to their weighted ecological impact to gain an overall estimation of the cumulative expression of each ecosystem property at individual sites. Furthermore, by assigning each property a value relative to its observed maximum, and by summing up the individual property values, we offer an estimate of benthic ecosystem multifunctionality. Based on a spatially extensive benthic data set, we were able to identify coastal areas with high and low potential for the considered benthic ecosystem properties and the measure of ecosystem multifunctionality. Importantly, we show that a large part of the spatial variation in functional trait sub-groups and in benthic ecosystem multifunctionality was explained by environmental change. Our results indicate that through this simplification it is possible to estimate the functionality of the seafloor. Such information is vital in marine spatial planning efforts striving to balance the utilization with the preservation of natural resources.Peer reviewe

GPs’ role in caring for children and young people with life-limiting conditions: a retrospective cohort study

Background: GPs are rarely actively involved in healthcare provision for children and young people (CYP) with life-limiting conditions (LLCs). This raises problems when these children develop minor illness or require management of other chronic diseases. Aim: To investigate the association between GP attendance patterns and hospital urgent and emergency care use. Design and setting: Retrospective cohort study using a primary care data source (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) in England. The cohort numbered 19 888. Method: CYP aged 0–25 years with an LLC were identified using Read codes (primary care) or International Classification of Diseases 10 th Revision (ICD-10) codes (secondary care). Emergency inpatient admissions and accident and emergency (A&E) attendances were separately analysed using multivariable, two-level random intercept negative binomial models with key variables of consistency and regularity of GP attendances. Results: Face-to-face GP surgery consultations reduced, from a mean of 7.12 per person year in 2000 to 4.43 in 2015. Those consulting the GP less regularly had 15% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10% to 20%) more emergency admissions and 5% more A&E visits (95% CI = 1% to 10%) than those with more regular consultations. CYP who had greater consistency of GP seen had 10% (95% CI = 6% to 14%) fewer A&E attendances but no significant difference in emergency inpatient admissions than those with lower consistency. Conclusion: There is an association between GP attendance patterns and use of urgent secondary care for CYP with LLCs, with less regular GP attendance associated with higher urgent secondary healthcare use. This is an important area for further investigation and warrants the attention of policymakers and GPs, as the number of CYP with LLCs living in the community rises

Comment on "Superconducting gap anisotropy vs. doping level in high-T_c cuprates" by C. Kendziora et al, PRL 77, 727 (1996)

In a recent paper Kendziora et al concluded that the superconducting gap in overdoped Bi-2212 is isotropic. From data obtained from electronic Raman scattering measurements, their conclusion was based on the observation that pair breaking peaks occured at approximately the same frequency in different scattering geometries and that the normalized scattering intensity at low energies was strongly depleted. We discuss a different interpretation of the raw data and present new data which is consistent with a strongly anisotropic gap with nodes. The spectra can be successfully described by a model for Raman scattering in a d_{x^{2}-y^{2}} superconductor with spin fluctuations and impurity scattering included.Comment: 1 page revtex plus 1 postscript figur